Definition and Examples of the Etymological Fallacy

Etymological fallacy is the faulty argument that the true or proper meaning of a word is its oldest or original meaning. Because the meanings of words change over time, a words contemporary definition cant be established from its origin (or etymology). The best indicator of a words meaning is its current use, not its derivation. Examples and Observations The OED [Oxford English Dictionary] . . . records that the word black has a difficult history, and was sometimes confused in Old English with a similar word which meant shining or white, but speakers would be ill-advised nowadays to use black to mean white.(Source: Michael Stubbs, Words and Phrases: Corpus Studies of Lexical Semantics. Blackwell, 2002)Doctor, Orient, Gyp, Decimate, Grow, DilapidatedIn our own day the etymological fallacy is widely honored, as revealed in countless statements by columnists, in letters to editors, and other public fora, which declare for example that the real meaning of doctor is teacher; or that the verb orient properly means to arrange something to face east; or that gyp cheat is derived from Gypsy (probably), and therefore, its use in any context is de facto an ethnic slur; or that decimate correctly means only to punish a mutiny or other serious breach of military discipline by killing one soldier in ten.The etymological fallacy appears from time t o time in puristic prescriptions, too, as when we are warned by usage authorities that because the real meaning of the verb grow is get bigger, expressions like grow weaker or grow smaller are incoherent; or that it is impossible to climb down; or that only stone structures can be dilapidated.(Source: Andrew L. Sihler, Language History: An Introduction. John Benjamins, 2000)Manure, December, CaptionOne thing to remember when you read or hear someone insisting that an English word must have a certain meaning because of its Latin or Greek roots is that these insisters apply their etymologies very selectively. You will find few of them who object to December being used for the twelfth month, when its Latin root means ten, or to manure being used as a noun meaning to work (land) by hand. So when you read, for example, that caption must refer to matter above a picture because it comes from Latin caput head, keep manure in mind.(Source: Merriam-Websters Dictionary of English Usage, 1995)E ducationWhat could be called an etymological fallacy can sometimes be pushed quite a distance. Thus, partisans of a liberal conception of education have claimed that the word education comes from educere, etymology that invites a conception of education as an act of leading (induco) out of (ex) ignorance—which conforms to the liberal notion of education. On the other side are those who favor a notion of education understood as nourishing and, more broadly, furnishing the conditions necessary for a persons development. They invoke a second etymological hypothesis, according to which education comes from educare, which means nourish or raise. And still others maintain that education is an indeterminate concept and support their thesis with the very uncertainty of the etymology. You see that etymology, as illuminating as it sometimes is, cannot, in any instance, resolve problems of conceptual definition on its own.(Source: Normand Baillargeon, A Short Course in Intellectual Self -Defense. Seven Stories, 2007)Passing InsightsEtymology does not make a contribution to the description of the contemporary meaning and usage of words; it may help to illuminate how things have got to where they are now, but it as likely to be misleading as helpful (as with the etymological fallacy). Etymology offers no advice to one who consults a dictionary on the appropriate use of a word in the context of a written text or spoken discourse. It merely provides some passing insight for the interested dictionary browser with the requisite background knowledge and interpretative skills.(Source: Howard Jackson, Lexicography: An Introduction. Routledge, 2002)

Intellectual Merit Of Studying Moral Cognition Essay

Intellectual Merit of Studying Moral Cognition Morality is a collection of cognitive devices that interferes with our selfish nature, enabling human cooperation [1.2.3.4.5]. Furthering understanding of the cognitive processes that are employed while making moral judgments informs us as to how morality works and provides important information about how the brain interacts with itself. As we come to better understand these processes, we will become better equipped to enhance them. Broader Impacts of the Study of Moral Cognition The ability to improve moral decision-making abilities can impact society in ways no other research findings can; more lives can be saved and the quality of life, work, and relationships can be improved. Background Information The dual-process brain works through two distinct systems, an automatic, reflexive system that relies on instinct and emotion, and a slower, controlled system that enables us to direct our own thoughts. Moral decisions tend starkly toward reactionary and, without direct intent, may be distinctly emotional decisions. Utilitarian reasoning methods may enable the decision-maker to reduce biases, resulting in more sound decisions [7]. Learning to override the automatic system allows for increased involvement of utilitarian methods in decision-making [6] and just one instance of decision-making training has been shown to improve skills [8]. I propose that moral decision-making, a special case of decision-making, may be aShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Moral Decision Making Abilities1061 Words   |  5 PagesIntellectual Merit Morality is a collection of cognitive devices that interferes with our selfish nature, enabling human cooperation [1.2.3.4.5]. Furthering understanding of the cognitive processes that are employed while making moral judgments informs us as to how morality works and provides important information about how the brain interacts with itself. 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Lessons Learned and to be learned Free Essays

Background: Managing Total Technology was the first simulation course I have ever enrolled for. From the very beginning of the course, I knew that it will a very interesting course and indeed, I find it to be a successful, memorable and exciting way of education. Part 1: Honestly speaking I took the simulation very easy in the beginning. We will write a custom essay sample on Lessons Learned and to be learned or any similar topic only for you Order Now But as we move in to week 3, I started to realize that we really need to imply ourselves if we need to do better in the simulation. There are several key learnings that I take from this simulation course, such as; 1. Fundamental Knowledge: First of all, I would say, to do a business or to make a decision, one should seek knowledge regarding that business or position. One should do homework before thinking about playing any role in the business scenario. Seeking fundamental knowledge is the first step. 2. Do not Limit yourself: It is pivotal to know your business environment well and remember, business understanding it is not limited to the area you are responsible for. One should know the overall strategy of the company and the circumstances in which the company is working. The manager, regardless of his/her role in the company should be aware of the challenges company is currently facing in achieving its goals and objectives. 3. Be a Guru: When you are responsible for making decision in one of the area of the company, it is of utmost important that you acquire all the technical and non-technical expertise in that area. Ideally, nobody should be more aware than you in that particular field so that you can make the decision confidently and that people respect your decision and don’t challenge it without knowing the depth of it. 4. Competitve Intelligence is Key Always make well informed decisions. Look for the weaknesses of the competition. Consistently track their performance and their financial situation so that you are well aware in advance if they are in a situation where you can take advantage and consolidate your position in the market place. 5. Be a Visionary You cannot be a successful manager or CEO if you are unable to look in to the futu re and make decision according to the future challenges. You have to keep one eye at the long term objectives of the organization and plan accordingly. Learn from the mistakes and make tactical changes but never alter your long term strategy because you fail in achieving one or two of your short term goals. Part 2: Key Take Aways: A. Strategic Thinking: One of the top learnings from the simulation is the importance of strategic thinking. When we started the simulation, we thought that only one segment, High-Tech, will be good enough to become leader in the overall simulation and it proved wrong. We knew in the middle of the simulation but stuck to our initial strategy which I guess was the right thing to do because eventually High-Tech market is the future. B. Leadership Qualities It sounds like an extension of the first point Strategic Thinking, but it is actually not. I have learned from this simulation that a company is defined by the definition of its CEO. Leadership plays an important role in driving all the areas of business and it requires special capabilities to perform as a leader. Leadership is not about making final decisions it is about making the right decision at the right time. I want to learn how I can be a successful leader in the field of marketing and sales, which is my passion. How to cite Lessons Learned and to be learned, Papers

Corporate Strategy of Starbucks Free Assignment Sample/Example

Question: Describe the corporate strategy of Starbucks. Answer: Introduction: Background of the Company: The yarn of Starbucks began in the year 1971 and since then the company commenced its journey to get connected with the millions of consumers every day thereby rendering them with the intense feeling of beginning afresh. The major motive of the company always remained to inspire and uplift the souls of the customers with the help of their products. The company pledges to provide the customers with the best coffee, by collecting the coffee beans from the farms in Asia, Latin America, Asia and Africa. Starbucks has become one of the giant companies in this specific field and has expanded its business interests in almost all the countries across the world having approximately 23000 stores. Besides coffee, Starbucks has excelled in providing its customers who form the major factor of the companys growth, with a wide range of products and services. Fresh-brewed coffee, hot and iced espresso beverages, Frappuccino coffee and non blended beverages, more than 30 blends of coffee and premium coffees, baked pastries, smoothies, sandwiches, salads, yogurt parfaits and fruits and many more form the exclusive products served by the company. Consumer goods such as the Coffee K-Cup pods, Starbucks and Teavana , Whole bean and ground and ready to drink Starbucks Iced Coffee, Starbucks Discoveries, Energy Coffee Drinks, bottled iced and juiced teas and others. Being such a well established and intensely determined organization, Starbucks maintains the policies of sustainability. The strong belief in the involvement of the community right from the people who grow the coffee beans and the consumers to whom the processed products are sold all together form the community and being a socially responsible establishment. Starbucks engages in ethical sourcing of the raw materials and thus maintains the balance between its revenue based concern and the social scruples. Overall Analysis: Starbucks Concern with Social Responsibility in its Overall Corporate Strategy: Since its very initiation, Starbucks has always taken innumerable steps in developing and retaining its reputation and standing in the global market zone. Starbucks had formed a separate department known as the Global Responsibility formerly known as the Corporate Social Responsibility that analyses, updates the company about all the required information regarding its performance every year, and thereby informs about the relationship of the company with its stakeholders. The company remains excessively alarmed about the environment, suppliers, and customers, the workforce and the entire community together. The social responsibility of the company is based upon the three major focal points, namely the community, fair sourcing and the environment. With regard to the environment, Starbucks follows the strategies of protecting the environment in such a manner, that it can be very easily presumed that the planet earth is the most important factor of production or rather the most vital business associate for the organization. The establishment of the LEED certified stores that contribute in preserving the water and energy and also in dealing with the changes in the climatic conditions. Starbucks strive hard in order to serve the customers in the best possible eco friendly manner. During the year, 1992, Star bucks that clearly stated the environmental aims and objectives of the company had developed an environmental mission. The Shared Planet website of Starbucks makes the stakeholders of the company aware about the growth of the company in terms of the environmental aspects. The organization proceeds according to the principles or the strategies set forth by the Environmental Starbucks Coffee Company Affairs Team while dealing wit h the wastes and their recycling, conservation of energy and many other initiatives that are required to conserve the environment and the planet. The Cup Summit organized by Starbucks made a new approach by making the people think about the various ways of producing the disposable cups that are easily biodegradable. It also took an attempt to sell cups for $1 for recommended 30 uses. The firm has adopted this way in order to reduce the effect caused to the environment by the excessive deposition of non-biodegradable cups. Howard Schultz has very prudently followed the steps that are required for the satisfaction of the employees who form one of the major factors of production. The most commendable and praiseworthy fact about Schultz, the CEO of the company is that he pays similar importance to the employees as it is paid to the customers. He had laid a great importance in making the employees feel that they are the priority of the organization by giving the employees the privilege to secure a four-year degree at reasonable cost; this will automatically make the employees provide loyalty towards the company. This education and up gradation of the employees of the firm will ultimately empower the workforce to produce better quality of products and innovations in the industry. Howard having seen his own fathers life being ruined by an unsympathetic employer, he strongly advocates the creation of a good working environment. The Thrive Wellness is the program launched by the company to assist the workforce in enriching their lives via varied programs that are offered by the company. To keep the welfare of the employees at the foremost position rather than the profit portrays the value it places upon the employees (Park et al. 2014). The company is determined in developing positive relationship with the coffee growing communities. Starbucks is involved in the organization of number projects that ensure the benefits of the coffee growing communities; it invests in the development of health clinics, schools and colleges and along with paying the coffee growing farmers premium prices that would help in supporting their families and gaining profits. It also makes investments in the projects like the clean water systems, literacy efforts, health and sanitation training. In the year 1991, the company had begun contributing to a worldwide relief and development foundation named CARE in order to give remain associated it the coffee growing countries. In the year 2013, the company bought a farm in Costa Rica that had provided employment to nearly 70 employees. The farmer support centers of Starbucks enable the company in providing loans to the farmers; it has spent nearly $70 million for the upliftment of the farmers. The company also follows very diligently the guidelines of C.A.F.E or the Starbucks Coffee and Farmer Equity practices which helps in assuring better provisions for the coffee growing community or the major suppliers of Starbucks. The company remains very much concerned with the environment that it provides to its consumers at the stores, the way in which the satisfaction of the workforce is vital for the company for its growth, the customers and their satisfaction and their loyalty also matter a lot for the progress of the company. More emphasis is placed upon the atmosphere of the coffee shops and the entire experience of the consumers, by making the people enjoy their time at the stores and along with the free wireless internet access at all the U.S. stores that enables the people to spend a good time at the coffee shops of the Starbucks. The company right after the global economic crisis became determined to renew its strategy for up grading the provisions that are provided to the consumers. It introduces new consumer products and even new merchandise items such as the coffee brewing machines in order to attract the consumers, especially the health conscious and budget conscious consumers. A wide range of products are produced and sold by the company. To pose a constructive image and effect upon the communities, the company has developed several community stores at various localities and these community stores remain engaged with some of the nonprofit agencies. Thus, these community stores with the non-profit agencies of the localities aim at providing the best services to the community. Starbucks has also decided to bring diversity in its organization with the inclusion of the veterans and retired military personnel from in the workforce. The Starbucks foundation that has been established by the company is helping in strengthening the communities by organizing various training programs, which will educate the communities who are involved with the business interests of the company. The Starbucks coffee shops try to draw the people to those shops, which in turn create the community spirit. The company has helped in enhancing employment and decreasing the unemployment rate in America. It merged with the Opportunity Finance Network a nd established the Create Jobs program for USA. The company via this initiative has raise funds that are donated by the company to the community development financial institutions that in turn finance the small businesses, community centers and housing projects, which in turn give employment to the individuals in USA. The company in making this initiative a success has donated about $5million. The very mission of Starbucks to nurture and inspire the human spirit is accomplished by the company by providing grants to the nonprofit literacy groups, sponsors young writers that help in the preparation of the children in their preschool years (McDonald 2014). The store managers of the coffee shops are instructed to donate towards the local causes. The company has made such donations many a times for the purpose of developing the literacy among the underprivileged children. Thu, it becomes quite evident how much the company considers the development and involvement of the community through varied means an integral part for the progress of an organization. Starbucks contribution and unique quality in ensuring the welfare of the employees: To provide its employees with the best possible working environment and all other facilities that can help in the enrichment of the work culture in the company formed one of the core motives of the company. The final statement of the company has always been people first and profits last and this vision of the company has ruled it for all these years (Huang 2013). It is due to the virtue of such a work culture that pays intense importance to the welfare of the employees that Starbucks has ranked 73rd out of the 100 best companies. The manner in which the company has taken care of the health care costs of its employees even when it was facing recession is really praiseworthy (Karakowsky and Guriel 2015). This is the reason that the company had been voted as the Worlds Most Ethical Company in the Ethisphere ranking for the seventh consecutive year. Starbucks truly attempts to prove itself unique in terms of the privileges it offers to its employees, the company provides the stock option s and medical, dental and vision care to its employees who work for around 20 hours per week. Having been grown up in a poor family and by seeing his father being unethically exploited by his employer and totally devoid of any health benefits, had made Howard Schultz, the CEO of Starbucks to consider the workforce of a company and the working atmosphere of a firm. The most significant factors for a company are to perform ethically and thrive gradually along with achieving its business interests. He always retains faith upon the ability of the workforce without whom the success of affirm becomes impossible. Therefore, he suggests that each firm company should value its workers t a considerable extent. This kind of approach of Howard has consequently resulted in providing its working staff with the best possible working atmosphere, one of the best health care programs in the coffee shop industry. The opportunities that his father was denied by his unsympathetic employer are being prov ided by Schultz to his workforce as according to him the authorities of a company should share the common the common vision with the employees and communication among the entire working staff and the leadership is the major factor that is needed for running abusiness smoothly. Therefore, the mission of the company always focused upon serving the people, be it customers or the employees. It is natural that it is not possible to provide same kind and standards of facilities to the employees by the company each time as it takes a toll on the employer. However, the Starbucks has proved its virtue by dealing with the health issues of the workforce and providing them with all the required facilities by developing a well organized program known as Thrive Wellness. This offers certain resources to the employees that help in the cessation of smoking, weight loss and provides an overall strategy to sustain good health (Christensen et al. 2014). Schulz and Starbucks did not only kept the welfare of the employees a mission statement or just an aim that they should aspire to reach, they have transformed the words into real practice, and today the employees working at Starbucks feel positive vibe and are possess the organizational commitment. Schulzs aim to motivate and attract the individuals to be a part of the Starbucks has been achieved largely; the employees feel the urge to work for such a company as they get the entire positive from their company. Thus, the performance levels of the employees automatically increase. Innumerous attempts have been taken by the leadership of Starbucks to establish a strong and deeply felt relationship with the workforce of the company. The company has also commenced various programs that in order to provide education to the employees, the company offer even a four year degree course to the employees at a very low cost and this enables the employees to work and learn together. Starbucks make s investment very often in certain training programs for providing better career opportunities for the employees (Cha et al. 2015). The organization gives special privileges to the workers by addressing them as partners. Some of the education programs such as Coffee education programs are organized to give an in-depth knowledge about the chief product (Zikmund et al. 2012). The equal treatment of all the employees and treating each other with dignity and respect. The workers are regarded as the partners of the company and therefore the opinions of the other stakeholders and the workers are always referred to by Starbucks in its decision making process. The feedback of the partners on various aspects of the companys business is regarded as of utmost importance. Starbucks is expanding internationally largely and thus, the company indulges in the incorporation of the diversity in the company (Karakowsky and Guriel 2015). The company provides recognition to all the individual employees irrespective of the differences in their race, age, sex, color, religion or any kind of physical or mental disability. The organization has a number of policies and varied job opportunities to the individuals that comprise of around more than 20 % of minorities and 60 % women. The company organizes workshops at regular intervals to make the partners or the workforce aware abo ut their individual roles, and the needs of the entire organization (Asgary and Li 2014). Thus, in this way the firm aims to create indulgence, reverence and determination in the entire organization. Reasons behind the growth of Starbucks and its Uniqueness: Starbucks intense ability to earn customer satisfaction and loyalty as well as to prove as an extremely socially responsible brand, are the most important reasons behind its success. The brand has almost brought a revolution in the world of beverages by its ability to provide the most high-end coffee to its customers and by ensuring sustainable levels of success for its stakeholders. Starbucks excessive concern for its employees and their welfare worked as one of the major factors that enhanced the rapid success of the company throughout the century. It has expanded very briskly to nearly 63 countries across the world and now is engaged in providing the customers with an exclusive range of products. This includes not only beverages but also coffee accessories, muffins, teas of various kinds, CDs, drinking water and some other food items that serve a major portion of the companys revenue (Bowen and Sisson 2013). Thus, Starbucks extraneous quality to keep itself up to date with the changing needs of the customers made it more successful in the recent years. Besides serving its consumers with the premium coffee beverages, it has now recognized the other needs of the consumers, thereby offering them a total package of food and beverages as well as even the merchandise good are being offered by its retail stores. The company and its administration recognizes the value of the customers experience which is why the Starbucks coffee shops replaced the obsolete espresso machines with the new ones and some of the stores started using the Clover Brand single-cup brewing machines. In order to make the ensure that the brew prepared by them becomes much more appealing to the customers, the company joined the Conservation International so that they can remain assured that the coffee beans are successfully harvested. Thus, it becomes evident that the company pays considerable importance to the customers and their reviews. In addition to the ability of the company in the successful attainment of the consumer satisfaction and loyalty, Starbucks has triumphantly faced the challenges coming on the way of its success and emerged unbeaten (Mahobia and Jain 2015). The company had to face recession in the year 2008, it was the global recession that had had affected it sales revenue, as all the expensive coffee beverages suffered a huge set back. However, Starbucks did not lose hope; instead it focused much more upon gaining the consumer loyalty and for time being slowed down its expansion internationally. The company had been also accused of not undertaking fair trade, thus, in order to prove such criticisms wrong Starbucks, since the year 202 had begun offering the Fair Trade Certified coffee. Thus, the challenges that came up in various forms could hardly undermine the spirit of the company in serving the best (Blackburn 2014). With regard to the maintenance of social responsibility, Starbucks has proven itself to be the unique one. The ways in which the company takes care of the welfare of its workforce and invests upon their health, satisfies the needs of the consumers at every step via its varied products and services. It ensures the well being and promotion of the stakeholders of the company through certain programs organized from enhancing their income and profits; Starbucks has got no parallel in the industry. Conclusion: Thus, it can be easily inferred from the above analysis and discussion that Starbucks is creating a milestone in the industry by providing the best and unique service not in terms of its business but also in the matters that define the well being of the community or the society as a whole. References: Asgary, N. and Li, G., 2014. Corporate Social Responsibility: Its Economic Impact and Link to the Bullwhip Effect. Journal of Business Ethics, pp.1-17. Blackburn, W., 2014. Blackburn's The Sustainability Handbook: The Complete Management Guide To Achieving Social, Economic and Environmental Responsibility: The Complete Management Guide To Achieving Social, Economic and Environmental Responsibility. West Academic. Bowen, S.A. and Sisson, D.C., 2013, March. Starbucks, Reputation Management, and Authenticity: A Case Study of Starbucks United Kingdom Tax Crisis # SpreadTheCheer Campaign. In 16TH INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC RELATIONS RESEARCH CONFERENCE (p. 110). Cha, M.K., Yi, Y. and Bagozzi, R.P., 2015. Effects of Customer Participation in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Programs on the CSR-Brand Fit and Brand Loyalty. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, p.1938965515620679. Christensen, L.J., Mackey, A. and Whetten, D., 2014. Taking responsibility for corporate social responsibility: The role of leaders in creating, implementing, sustaining, or avoiding socially responsible firm behaviors. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 28(2), pp.164-178 Enquist, B., Petros Sebhatu, S. and Johnson, M., 2015. Transcendence for business logics in value networks for sustainable service business. Journal of Service Theory and Practice, 25(2), pp.181-197. Green, T. and Peloza, J., 2014. How do consumers infer corporate social responsibility? The role of organisation size. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 13(4), pp.282-293. Huang, P.H., 2013. Exploring the strategy for balancing market change and service qualityA case of Starbucks in Taiwan. Karakowsky, L. and Guriel, N., 2015. The Context of Business: Understanding the Canadian Business Environment. Korschun, D., Bhattacharya, C.B. and Swain, S.D., 2014. Corporate social responsibility, customer orientation, and the job performance of frontline employees. Journal of Marketing, 78(3), pp.20-37.

Music Lyrics Being Non-Violent Essays - African-American Culture

Music Lyrics Being Non-Violent Music Lyrics being NON-VIOLENT Rap music can be considered a style of art, and a way for the artists to express feelings through their words on paper. However, there are quite a few rap artists that get criticized for their lyrics. In my essay, I want to discuss why rappers use certain lyrics in their music and why people shouldn't believe that it causes violence among the younger generations. People shouldn't censor the music just because of violent, vulgar and abusive messages it promotes to the world. I believe in my own mind, that there is a reason for these types of lyrics that rap artists use and I will simply explain those reasons in this essay. Rap has been called one of the most important music forces to emerge in two decades. It's pounding beats and staccato rhymes exploded on the streets of the urban America in the early 1980s and since have become the theme music and lyrical heart of the vibrant youth culture called hip-hop ( SIRS 1993). There are many different types of rap artist. There are some that talk about money, some talk about righteousness, and the list goes on and on. Every rap artist had their own way of expressing themselves. There are those that talk about sex, drugs, and violence who receive the negative attention( SIRS 1993). People, think this so- called gangster rap is a bad influence on children in the world and that it promotes violence and that it also is abusive to women. Delores Tucker, head of national congress of black women has been among those pressuring different record companies to stop distributing gangster rap music. There were other significant names that participated in this action. Names like Senate Majority leader Bob dole, and former education Secretary William J. Bennett(Surveys, pg. 1). There are some rap artists that have been openly criticized for their lyrics. Rappers like Lil Kim, Too Short, Snoop Doggy Dogg, and a member from ?Too Live Crew,? named Luke Skywalker. These rap artists in the past have been appointed for the things they say in their music. Lil Kim talks about sex in her music, Too Short talks about drugs, sex, and how much of a pimp he is, and Luke Skywalker talks about girls and sex. The lyrics that these rap artist use in their music might not be suitable for everybody to listen to but I don't think their music should be banned or criticized because you don't have to listen to it if you don't choose to. Rap music, how much influence does it really have on it's youthful listeners? Many, from record company executives to high school students agree that it plays a critical role in the lives of many tans, affecting the way they dance, dress and speak(SIRS 1993). Personally, I feel that rap music is a form of art. I think it takes a great deal of talent to write lyrics that rap artists write, because you have to use metaphors and similes, and at the same time get your point across so the listeners can understand. I give rappers a great deal of credit because I know it took them a long time to get where their at today, and I know it takes a tremendous amount of time to write a song. It's also true and I strongly agree with that rap artists use lyrics that reflect on their childhood and the way they grew up. That could be the reason why gangster rappers and rappers talk about sex, drugs, and violence in their music because that was what they were exposed to through out their life. Rap artists generally write about what they know because it is easier to write about things and situations that you know, and if sex, drugs and violence is what you know about, then you are going to write about situations that involve those subjects. Not just write about them in hopes to cause more violence in our world. Young rap fans caution it is wrong and simplistic to believe music can dictate their actions. Upbringing and circumstance steer a child's behavior, they say, not a record on a turntable or a performer posturing on stage(Newsweek, 1998). There are other reasons why gangster rappers should not be criticized for their lyrics. One reason is that I would rather hear gangster rappers talk about violence on the streets than them actually going out on the streets and participate in the violence. Another reason why rappers

Early Roman Architecture essays

Early Roman Architecture essays The Romans gained much of their engineering skill from the Etruscans and drew on Etruscan and Asian models for the semicircular arch. From them, the Romans learned the use of the keystone arch, which enabled them to build extremely strong and durable structures. Many of these engineering and architectural projects are still standing. Some are still in use after two thousand years like this bridge in Spain. Early Roman architects were influenced by Greek post-and-lintel construction. But the Greek design was limited in its capabilities to span large distances and being able to bear heavy loads while not falling down of its own weight. Post and lintel construction comprises a flat piece of stone bridging a space between two upright supports. Post and lintel supports have a flaw. When a heavy weight is placed on the middle of the span too much stress may be put on the stone and it can break in the middle. The Romans solved this problem by using a type of construction called voussoir arch with keystone. The engineering principle of the arch is quite simple. The circle is the strongest structural shape. The arch is just half of this perfect form. To create a voussoir arch, tapered stone blocks were cut then arranged like the diagram at the right. It was then stood up on its ends. The ends rested on piers made of stone blocks or bricks mortared together with pozzolana cement in the typical Roman arch bridge. The cement was named after a local mountain that the ingredients of the cement came from. The weight of the stone and concrete of the bridge itself compressed the tapered stones together, making the arch an extremely strong structure. During construction, the voussoir's were supported by a temporary wooden frame until the keystone was inserted. The Roman invention of the arch allowed architects to build larger structures than ever before. The extension of the arch idea lead t ...

Business Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Business Research - Essay Example Hence this research might help in putting a full stop to the ongoing debate about the dynamics of customer loyalty and providing analysts and corporate office-holders a clear and utilizable understanding of the aspects of customer loyalty that are relevant to any organization’s fundamental orientation. Relevance of the Research Sustainability is without doubt the most popular buzzword in some of the largest academic and industrial circles of today. These circles include the energy industrial sector, life sciences and social welfare work among others (Wheeler, Colbert, and Freeman, 2003). However, relevant to the field of the researcher is the concept of sustainability of a corporation or an organization in its field or business environment. Quite obviously the medium any for-profit organization has to sustain itself in is most usually its ‘market’. There has been an abundance of research studies into the understanding and achievement of some degrees of market sust ainability. One of the largest factors affecting market sustainability of any business enterprise is said to be the identification of the customers of the enterprise to it. Hence customer loyalty is key in moving closer to the ideal of market sustainability. This research will look into how customers help the organizations by persisting with them, in terms of the different impetuses for persisting and their consequences for the organizations. While because of its scope the research will use for a model the furniture company IKEA, it is to be focused on the various aspects of customer loyalty in general. According to Dick and Basu (1994), customer loyalty is the single most important factor in determining the stability in an unstable market of any business. Because the target of the research unintentionally implies furthering the business fraternity’s efforts of building customer loyalty, it will hopefully be useful for, apart from students and business operators, inquisitive customers as well. Literature Review A review of the formal academic literature regarding the issue of customer loyalty found that while there was a lot of research into the causes and effects of customer loyalty in forms of comparative analyses, quantitative studies and case studies, all the studies seem to be targeting a specific facet of the broad phenomenon of customer loyalty. There is no major research that links holistically the various sources and types of customer loyalty to a corporation’s fortunes or studies the nature of the implications of each of the major forms of customer loyalty. But there are studies like Kuusik’s (2007) that take customer loyalty as a single metric instead of considering the forms and impacts of customer loyalty and investigate the sources of and factors affecting the said metric in good detail. However the most relevant published work with regard to this research proposal is a 2003 article by D. L. Duffy titled â€Å"Internal and e xternal factors which affect customer loyalty†, who realized that the contributing factors of customer loya

The Patriot Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Patriot Act - Essay Example According to President Bush, â€Å"The Patriot Act defends our liberty. The Patriot Act makes it able for those of us in positions of responsibility to defend the liberty of the American people. It’s essential law† (Allen, 2004). According to the Justice Department, the PATRIOT Act gives support to and encourages enhanced sharing of information among various law enforcement agencies at the local, state and federal levels. In addition, this law assists law enforcement in their efforts to â€Å"connect the dots† from a wider scope of agencies when assembling evidence so as to â€Å"develop a complete picture† regarding possible threats from terrorists (Ward, 2002). Additionally, the Act increased border security funding and allows the Attorney General to disburse monetary rewards to those individuals and entities such as municipalities that have enjoined the fight against terrorism. Furthermore, it provides financial support for the training of first respond ers such as firefighters. Finally, the PATRIOT Act permits government agencies power to delay notification of search warrants, â€Å"which (is) a long-existing crime-fighting tool upheld by courts nationwide for decades in organized crime, drug cases and child pornography† (US Department of Justice, 2005). Critics of the Act suggest that is in contradiction to the tenants of the First Amendment. As an example, a citizen can be identified and treated as a terrorist if they are a breaking federal law such as trespassing on public property during a protest when a federal official is injured, not by that person but simply injured during the protest. This allows any person who was exercising their constitutional right of free speech to be arrested and detained indefinitely without benefit of legal counsel, a violation of the Fifth Amendment right to due process of law. Section 203 of the PATRIOT Act allows law enforcement officers to give CIA with no court order information received

Poverty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Poverty - Essay Example People living in poverty have poor access to health facilities, and, as a result, suffer from poor heath owing to the minimal care to which they are exposed. Some of the reasons as to why they have limited access to health care services are that they lack financial resources to pay for services rendered, as well as information on medical services. In addition, due to lack of medical care, ill health is prevalent among poverty-stricken areas and people. One of the main reasons that poverty stricken people cannot access, or have limited access to healthcare facilities is the geographical locale of the facilities. This is concerning the physical distance between the local area that an individual resides in, as well as the time required to travel to the health facilities. Moreover, people living in poverty do not seem to get the right type of care availed to them in health care facilities. This is concerning the time that Medicare is required, such as desperate times and conditions that require specialized equipment to treat. To add to this, the issue of acceptability crops up in the form social stratification. Medical practitioners tend to be more responsive to the needs of the socially able, while those of the poor are left to fend for their needs and receive minimal care. Furthermore, the quality of health care offered to these impoverished is of important concern, as quality of care usually depends on the monetary wellbeing of the patients. Therefore, poor patients receive poor quality services, as compared to their wealthy counterparts. In addition to this, there are far fewer medical facilities available in poor areas thus making it even more difficult for poor people to have appropriate access. Owing to the poor access to medical facilities, impoverished people are faced with a certain myriad of diseases and conditions that have already exited

How MNEs Budget in a Global Context

How MNEs Budget in a Global Context Ashokkumar Murugesan Discuss how Multi National Enterprises carry out capital budgeting in a global context, and explain aspects which are unique to foreign project assessment. In this chapter, discussion on how Multinational Enterprises carry out budgeting globally is discussed. Various factors that are influenced by these MNCs are demonstrated. Capital budgeting and why it’s implemented is discussed. Companies that decide in doing business abroad and those which are already dealing in abroad have a multiple sources through which they can learn the cultures of foreign countries. Some sources are general talk with employees who worked abroad, managers who travelled abroad, training programmers and consulting with other firms as well. Gaspar, J., et al., (2013). The volume of international transactions has grown rapidly over the past 60 years. National capital markets have changed to unified capital markets followed by international securities. Therefore investors are realizing the huge ability of international portfolio type of investment. The risk found here is more than domestic budgeting as the company’s stock is affected by the riskiness o f capital budgeting and the level of earnings stream. Kim, S., Kim, S. (2009). Multinational companies depend on capital budgeting methods for the evaluation of foreign investment projects. Capital budgeting is a method or issue for adopting stockholders and increasing the wealth as an objective action. There are confusions and complicated situations for capital budgeting in a multinational corporation. Multinational capital budgeting is an issue of foreign direct investment agreements. Foreign investment aims include-Strategic aims, behavioral aims and economic aims. Strategic aims include, Market seekers who produce in foreign and just meet local demands and exports to markets, Raw material seekers who are responsible to collect sources from available places, Production skill seekers who produce goods at countries that are low of manufacturing costs, Knowledge seekers who pay handsome money to developed countries inorder to get their technologies and Political safety seekers who invest in interfering countries related to their business. Behavioral aims are de veloping a market for goods and other products, bringing into usage of old machinery, research spreading and expansion, reinvesting on countries that has lost its link in a particular territory. Economic motives are based on the theory of imperfection on products, financial properties and factors of production. Riahi-Belkaoui, A. (2001). There are four elements of major importance which can be said as the managerial conclusion for capital budgeting as they help in the critical positioning of the Multi National Enterprises compared to that of domestic companies. Firstly investment Oppurtunities are present at a larger scale in MNEs. Secondly they are provided with good information on the input and output benefits of a specific investment strategy. Thirdly risks are reduced due to international changes. Fourthly exploiting international differences in market defects or imperfections are present. In Rugman’s view the capital budgeting process in MNEs characterizes the increasing importance of firm specific action management considerations. This replaces the traditional financing or portal capital elements, specifically in cases of multinational global competition. Capital budgeting in functionally organized MNEs results in less efficiency due to various reasons. A functional structure would encourage opportunisti c behavior by functional managers, even by corporate levels. This would cause difficult situations to separate strategic plans such as operational decisions and capital budgeting. Focusing on the much higher complexity of capital budgeting effective control and sanctioned systems designed a monitoring outcome of the investments that has been undergone. Rugman, A. M. (1996). Global companies with compact operations are at best in being able to design and manufacture regulated products in a few high volume facilities inorder to take advantage of economies of scale. These products are adaptable to the local markets and are sold around the world. The approaches of multinational enterprises are in a decentralized manner where in different regions were held responsible for both production and marketing. The development of a business plan and finalizing its capital expenses are placed in the hands of local managers as they are aware of the global expenditures and expectations. Feist, W. R. (Ed.). (1999). Multinational companies are constantly achieving and showing their assets globally in the course of business. The investments that are made by the company determines their competitiveness in the marketplace and their long-run survival. Capital budgeting for foreign projects focuses on the cash flow of expected long-term investment projects and on constructing retail stores in other countries. There are complexities in multinational capital budgeting such as foreign currency fluctuations, Long-term inflation rates. The parent money invested flows globally to other countries and their value is obtained by the fluctuations in the currency rate within a given period of time. So it is necessary to estimate the future exchange rates under various scenarios. Long term inflation rates affect the competitiveness of the enterprise globally. It affects the cash flow both in terms of prices of inputs and outputs. It will affect the finance between domestic and foreign sources. Saudagaran, S. M. (2009). Foreign investments are unique to domestic investments as they require many formalities to take place before the investment. Foreign investors must prepare an application to the Foreign Investment Committee that contains all the details of the foreign investor. This Foreign Investment Committee has the advocate in favor of the foreign investors. They also give a period of six months to the foreign investors for the approval of the application and executing the contract. Here the income tax rate has a time limit of 10 years and a maximum up to 20 years in case of large projects. Campbell, C. (2007) Capital expenditures decisions regarding permanent and irreversible commitment of funds to projects whose benefits are to be obtained over a long period of time than that of the current year is the most important financial agreement as it affects directly the value of the firm. A distinguish between the present cash flow and the investment expenditures of the projects gives an idea to the firm of what decision is to be made about the project. Capital budgeting for foreign projects is same as that of domestic projects where in the view of the parent firm should be undertaken when the cash flow values exceeds the initial expenditure spent. However there are other situations that make the foreign projects more complicated. Several surveys have suggested that Multi National Enterprises tend to consider foreign projects on both the parent and project viewpoints. These MNCs should forecast a projects true profitability which regulates the minimum revenue and minimum cost associated with th e project. Incremental cash flows to the parent can be confirmed only when subtracting worldwide parent company cash flows without considering the post-investment done by the parent cash flows. The tax issue for the multinational capital budgeting reasons is complicated due to the fact that they have to pay both the home country as well as host country including other factors as well. First the tax is applied in the host country and then when getting the profits it is again taxed in the home country. Thus investments on foreign projects fall under the tax net. Shapiro, A. C. (2008). MNCs use a major principle behind each method they use is to increase their information sources and use them effectively when while reducing inconsistent cash flow and the cost of capital alterations. Generally in practice, the methods used are usually involving the adjustments of cash flows rather than the cost of the capital. This is because the risks are mainly involved in the regular cash flows than the cost of capital. There is nothing in increasing the capital cost of the project and showing its incremental risks as there is a constant change in the cash flows. Stonehill, A. I., et al., (1993). Thus the discussion of Multinational Budgeting is successfully discussed. The reason for investing a huge sum of capital investment in foreign projects has been illustrated. There exist various political, global issues that are all responsible for the MNCs success and failure. By proper analyzing of these above discussed theories in financial markets, financial price developments can be made. Globally many MNCs struggle in the beginning to capitalize them as there would be more of direct investments without any cash flow till a period of time. References: Campbell, C. (2007). â€Å"Legal Aspects of Doing Business in Latin America†. Available at: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RwAtZJ4SZYICpg=PA83dq=unique+aspects+to+foreign+project+investmentshl=ensa=Xei=VhCtVPetK4b_UMKogYgN#v=onepageq=unique%20aspects%20to%20foreign%20project%20investmentsf=false Feist, W. R. (Ed.). (1999).â€Å"Managing a global enterprise: a concise guide to international operations†. Gaspar, J., Arreola-Risa, A., Bierman, L., Hise, R., Kolari, J. (2013). â€Å"Introduction to Global Business: Understanding the International Environment Global Business Functions†. Kim, S., Kim, S. (2009).â€Å"Global corporate finance: text and cases†. Riahi-Belkaoui, A. (2001).â€Å"Evaluating capital projects†. Rugman, A. M. (1996).â€Å"The theory of multinational enterprises: The selected scientific papers of Alan M. Rugman†. Vol. (1) Saudagaran, S. M. (2009).â€Å"International accounting: A user perspective†. Shapiro, A. C. (2008).â€Å"Multinational financial management†. Stonehill, A. I., Dunning, J. H., Moffett, M. H. (Eds.)., (1993).â€Å"International financial management†. Vol. (5) Evaluate the UK government response to the budget deficit and the post-2008 recession. This chapter deals about the UK government response to the budget deficit in the 2008 recession. List of factors that had caused this failure are discussed.The United Kingdom’s great recession refers to the period of economic decline between 2008 and 2013. The recession started after the 2007/2008 credit crisis globally and has led to a long-term period of minimum growth and less employment. There were reasons for the bankruptcy of Britain and they were, Export failures due to the global bankruptcy, sudden fall of housing markets which led to unfavorable wealth effects, fall in bank lending’s and credit crisis, due to financial helplessness the confidentiality had been lost, single currency in Europe created extra problems because of higher exchange rates and high bong earnings. The causes of the credit crisis were that in the period of 2000-2007 was a time of good economic growth, less expansion and reduction of unemployment. Even Central Banks were successful in follo wing low expansion and ensuring economic standard. But however under the big economic standard there were lot of problems which became transparent later. Pettinger, T., (2013). The UKs deficit in trade of goods was found to be six quarter per cent of GDP in 2007. The goods trade deficit was a bit changed as there was a small decline in the loss of manufactured goods. These goods were offset by increase in oil and fuel pricings. Overall the United Kingdom’s deficit was about three fourth more than three percent of GDP in the year 2007. It then temporarily reduced to one and a half percent in the beginning of 2008 and again increased to three percent in the second quarter. Great Britain, Treasury. (2008). The key economic developments that has shaped the public finances are, the weakness of simple GDP, high consumer price inflation firmly, productivity puzzle, weak interest rates and asset markets, down turn of real wages, an excessive hit to the financial sector. The economical cash size (nominal GDP) fell far below the expectations in between 2007-2008 and 2009-2010. This simple GDP kept increasing even when the actual GDP i.e., the quantity of the goods and services produced in the economy fell. Consumer price kept raising rapidly more than expected. The earnings were incremented very slowly due to the weakness of productivity. High consume price inflation had also been a cause for the incremental of wages. Fair pricings fell apart and short term policy rates along with government financing costs fell badly and remained in a low position. Riley, J and Chote, R.,(2014). Capitalist system of UK has suffered a great crisis in 2008. A great depression has been threatening the whole of economy as there was pressure in the political justice and ideal shift in political economy. It was totally finance driven and was considered as the end of the age of greed. In politics a majority of people thought that by shifting the politics to the left-wing side and by redistribution was acceptable. They thought that new ideas and policies were intelligent approach by dealing them in a new way and implementing them. The government had then realized it was not just the failure of the financial system but also the way it had been regulated by a set of economic theories. It was then decided that the simplicities of illiberal and ill economics as well as an overall mathematical economical view should be rejected. The intuition of the past was to be looked upon inorder to get the clear view of the problem. Recovery had been very slow and new financial pressures have arose which had lead to future setbacks. Political economy had become complicated. The left-wing parties have not yet advanced from the crisis of capitalism. It was then in 2010, an alliance of balanced marketing people took over from a binding party on the left which had a grasp of the market ideology and language. Turner, A. (2012). It was suggested by some evidence that the Treasury’s budget remained up-most even though there were downward revisions. In an average, individual economists forecasted that the GDP growth was 1.6% in 2008 and 1.8% in 2009 which were much lower than the lower border of the Treasury’s forecast. The Treasury’s confidence in the capacity of UK economy in weathering the market flows from accessing the flexibility of the economy. According to the 2008 budget, the growth of underlying gains had been â€Å"rigid† and â€Å"subdued†, although there was crisis and crisis expectations. England’s bank in their 2008 inflation report stated that, â€Å"the pay growth of private sector was muted in late 2007† which rose by 4.2% comparing with a year before. McFall, J. (2008). The macroeconomic adjustments had become more difficult after august 2007. The United Kingdom was struck by two new shocks, the interruptions to global financing markets and high increase in the pieces of food and fuel in recent months. These shocks had heightened the uncertainties about export marketing and output growth plan, disturbed money markets, fused the ongoing correction in the domestic housing market and had increased the rise of risks on both sides. The policies that were implemented then had faced several new challenges. The estimation of the correct posture was very complicated, the communication mechanism had kept demonstrating repeated shocks as the financial markets confusion had played out. Fiscal side had become increasingly difficult to resolve total usage of automatic stabilizers with attachment to the fiscal rules. Due to the confusions, current account rates have been lowered. In prospect of output weakness the bank rate reductions have been started and advance d. They had lowered 75bp and markets had been reducing further rate cuts over 2008. Although there were divided payments by the U.K. banks in 2007, the discharge of value from foreign banks were rejected as their market status was currently low in the global aspects. This had added to the current account loss. International Monetary fund. (2008). There had been deficit of goods and services not only from 2008 but had started ever since 1987. The shortfall had a reached a peak of  £50 billion in the year 2007. These deficits were caused because they remained constant, formed a huge share of GDP, Central bank had less number of resources, the economy had a poor record of repaying debt and no compensating inward flow of investment income or the flow of inward capital account. In UK there was a strong bond between the growing economy and trade deficits. When the economy went into bankruptcy in 1990, the trade loss began to fall quickly. This bankruptcy was overcome in 1993 but the trade deficit had begun to rise quickly and had carried out over the next 15 years. The recent collapse however that took over in 2008 had caused the loss to be reduced in between 2008-2009. The main factors that lead to recession include, excessive growth, high export rates, less productivity, low levels of investment in human and real capital. The U K economy had grown too quickly than the trend rate around 2.5% which as discussed led to failure. Higson, G. (2011). UK had developed its economical, political and market forces shaping its business environment in a successive way since the 2008 recession. Although there had been crisis and trade deficit since 1987, it started to recover only when the deficit had reached its peak. The factors that had led to recession have been discussed above. Reference: Great Britain, Treasury. (2008).â€Å"Pre-budget Report 2008: Facing Global Challenges, Supporting People Through Difficult Times†. Vol.(7484). Available at: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2BS11cCcrnwCpg=PA174dq=britain+deficit+in+2008hl=ensa=Xei=iXqtVN2tLcj6UIe4gaAMredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=britain%20deficit%20in%202008f=false Higson, G. (2011). â€Å"The National Economy: an introduction to macroeconomics†. Available at: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=64OWJY-XnDMCpg=PA80dq=deficit+of+UK+in+2008hl=ensa=Xei=L36uVKeSKsWsUfOEgfgHved=0CDwQ6AEwBQ#v=onepageq=deficit%20of%20UK%20in%202008f=false International Monetary fund, (2008). â€Å"United Kingdom: 2008 Article IV Consultation Staff Supplement; Staff report; public information report on the executive board discussion; and statement by the executive director for the United Kingdom†. Available at: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ThMMPslQJKoCpg=PA10dq=UK+market+deficit++in+2008hl=ensa=Xei=b2yuVPzOAYT_UvK1gugEved=0CDQQ6AEwAg#v=onepageq=UK%20market%20deficit%20%20in%202008f=false McFall, J. (2008).â€Å"The 2008 Budget: Ninth Report of Session 2007-08: Report, Together with Formal Minutes, Oral and Written Evidence†. Vol.(430). Pettinger, T., (2013). â€Å"The great recession 2008-13†. Available at: http://www.economicshelp.org/blog/7501/economics/the-great-recession/ Riley, J and Chote, R. (2014). â€Å"Crisis and consolidation in the public finances†. Turner, A. (2012).â€Å"Economics after the crisis: objectives and means†.

A Developing Epidemic in Argentina :: Buenos Aires Journalism Influenza Health Essays

A Developing Epidemic in Argentina BUENOS AIRES, Argentina--December is one of the loveliest times of year in the southern hemisphere of South America. On a typical summer day on a warm, Sunday afternoon, residents of Buenos Aires enjoy a relaxing jaunt along the Avenida de Mayo where one can browse the numerous shops of rare antiquities or simply retire to drinking tea in front of one of the many cafes along the avenue. Families with boisterous children picnic within the many public parks and gardens and bask in the warm sun. Expecting to revel in the long days of summer, I was surprised to find that these scenes that danced in my memory, while fighting sea-sickness en route, have vanished along with the citizens of Buenos Aires. The streets of the city are quiet, day and night. This proud South American city with its traditional colonial origins and its progressive embracement of modernity has become a ghost town of fear, fear of the illness that U.S. citizens know as the Spanish Influenza. According the local authorities, the origins of Influenza was brought by ships traveling from North American ports to Buenos Aires. Currently, port authorities have been cautious with the admission of foreign vessels and have established a quarantine period prior to entry. U.S. clipper ships the Elsie and the Snowdon, along with the steamer, the Royston Grange of Edinburgh have been subject to this quarantine which not only limits their admission into port, but also places an embargo on certain perishable goods. These actions have provided dire consequences for the local economy. Because of a lack of foreign goods, many dock workers are jobless along with local merchants facing scarcities which have greatly inflated the price of certain foods. While this is a serious economic situation, authorities of Buenos Aires feel justified in their restrictions and cite current statistics related to the spread of influenza. As of last Monday, the civil registry in Buenos Aires reported that in one district, as many as 192 deaths from influenza occurred just on that day. Because of this large amount of death, the local cemetery was unable to offer proper burials to 155 of those victims. City leaders are beginning to realize that preventative methods are the best means of defense against influenza. Public address messages about personal hygiene are published in papers and broadcast on the radio.

4-Day-School-Week: Less is not always more Essay

Problems occur when policy makers tend to make changes when they don’t need to be made. The public school system has many ways that it can improve but changing the time frame of the original school week from five to four days will not solve all the issues, instead, it will create newer unforeseen problems. It has been a controversial issue whether or not the school week should shorten by a day. Some are of the opinion that a four-day school week saves money for the individual schools, which would be beneficial to the school system as a whole. According to Schmidt, â€Å"The district expects to save between $85,000 and $100,000 in 2008-09 because of the modified schedule. The contract with its transportation provider assures the district of $65,000 in savings. That’s nearly $3,000 per day. Other savings will result by reducing electrical usage and having fewer days that furnaces are required to heat the buildings to a comfortable level. (Schmidt 4).† In the articl e, the claim is that applying these cuts will result in saving the school money, however that is not entirely true. The four-day week would actually financially hurt the school rather than save costs. The transition from a five-day a week schedule to a four-day a week schedule will be difficult and detrimental by the fact that existing students will need to adjust to the new schedule after attending five-day school weeks up until this point. See more:  Capital budgeting essay According to Schmidt, â€Å"Despite reducing the number of instructional days from 172 to 149, MACCRAY students have gained more than 17 hours of instructional time by adding 65 minutes to each instructional day. Because there are fewer days, there are fewer breaks for recess, lunch, and time between classes — making more time for academic pursuits. (Schmidt 3).† However, Schmidt’s claim is invalid because the transition could also backfire because the students will eventually fall behind with their district requirements. This would cause an accumulation of unanswered questions, which will then lead to incomplete homework, and eventually test  scores will drop noticeably. That would dramatically change the way in which students are assigned and complete homework, with the current homework spread across a 5-day-school-week homework become easier to manage. On the other hand, a 4 day-school-week will require denser combined homework because without Friday, for ex ample, the school work will divide individually between Monday through Thursday. Not only will homework pressure increase, but the length of each individual class lecture would need to increase to adequately cover the course material. With the additional burden of teachers getting laid off, a 4-day-school-week would make it harder for number of students who are having a difficult time keeping up with class material. Furthermore, a single absence will dramatically cause a student to fall behind in the course because one day of course material is a greater workload than previously and therefore more at stake. Students that fall behind will need to repeat courses, which will take away even more of the limited available space from the upcoming class students. Not only will the classrooms be overcrowded, but the teacher cannot manage to answer every question from each individual student. This pressure felt by many students and will cause delays in graduation and, even worse, an increased dropout rate. An improvement in education requires a shift in focus toward education rather than a focus on increased leisure time. The three day weekend will at first seem enticing to the students, the faculty, and potentially the taxpayer; however, the risk is not worth taking considering where America is at educationally, as a nation. In a recent article, written from Liepmann, â€Å"In 2010, American students rank 17th in the world. (Liepmann 3).† We have 16 Countries surpassing us educationally, even though the USA is one of the most developed countries in the world along with 39 other countries. This reveals that the United States are already below the education standards and not to mention some undeveloped countries have better educational systems. Suoja and Creger state, â€Å"A spreadsheet provided by the state shows elementary students getting about 50 fewer hours of instructional time. Secondary students would have received 25 to 45 fewer hours. Under the state numbers, the dist rict would need to add two weeks to the yearly schedule to make up the time. (Creger, Suoja 2).† The students simply cannot afford to  lose any additional school time due to an initial potential saving. The country would only get financially worse by raising under-educated civilians as the foundation of America. Many believe this cut will help rescue America from the economic crises by lowering taxes. However, upon further investigation, it would introduce too many risk factor and damage our economy further rather than aid it. Consequently, some students will not be able to graduate on time, and challenging courses will have higher drop rates or lower grades. This would harshly impact every American in the long term while only temporarily appearing to benefit in the short term. Ultimately, preserving the 5-day-week schedule is more beneficial than the alternative, while leaving things as they are may not address our current issues, I am confident that we as Americans can devise better educated solutions together, rather than create new problems to solve old problems. Works Cited Liepmann, Erica. â€Å"U.S. Falls In World Education Rankings, Rated ‘Average'† The Huffington Post. 07 Dec. 2010. TheHuffingtonPost.com. 10 July 2013 . Schmidt, Gregory. â€Å"USATODAY.com.† USATODAY.com. USA Today. 10 July 2013 . Creger, Mike, and Suoja, Matt. â€Å"State denies 4-day week again.† Lake County News-Chronicle [Two Harbors, MN] 15 July 2010. Opposing Viewpoints In Cont

Internet Working Essay

In this paper the functions and the Structure of the Internet is discussed in detail along with the help of figures and diagram in order to make understand that what the internet really is and how it works . The paper discusses in detail the main functions and parts of Internet and how they work according to their functions and features . the Internet has opened the vistas of knowledge for the world so The world has become a global village where the people live their life on the Internet . It has no boundaries or barriers, It is open to all who have access to Internet using computer . The e-commerce and online business has really facilitated the people now days . They can draw money , deposit money , transfer money and shop nay thing on internet in seconds . furthermore people can also share the information with the people living in various countries in research work the internet has really brought a revolution in the world of Information Technology . Introduction: The internet has been a useful source of information for the public and made things possible which were impossible in the past . Such as emailing has accelerated the process of Mailing and it hardly takes seconds to reach in any part of the world as the Client are connected to Server and the Server connects the clients to world wide web . it is like cob web which keeps connected to all users at the same time . The Internet’s growth has become explosive and it seems impossible to escape the bombardment of www. com’s seen constantly on television, heard on radio, and seen in magazines. Because the Internet has become such a large part of our lives, a good understanding is needed to use this new tool most effectively. This whitepaper explains the underlying infrastructure and technologies that make the Internet work. It does not go into great depth, but covers enough of each area to give a basic understanding of the concepts involved. For any unanswered questions, a list of resources is provided at the end of the paper. Any comments, suggestions, questions, etc. are encouraged and may be directed to the author at the email address given above. The Internet Frame Work: As the Internet is a global network of computers each computer connected to the Internet must have a unique address. Internet addresses are in the form nnn. nnn. nnn. nnn where nun must be a number from 0 – 255. This address is known as an IP address. (IP stands for Internet Protocol; more on this later. ) The picture below illustrates two computers connected to the Internet; your computer with IP address 1. 2. 3. 4 and another computer with IP address 5. 6. 7. 8. The Internet is represented as an abstract object in-between. (As this paper progresses, the Internet portion of Diagram 1 will be explained and redrawn several times as the details of the Internet are exposed. )

Why Public Schooling is better than Private Schooling Essays

Why Public Schooling is better than Private Schooling Essays Why Public Schooling is better than Private Schooling Essay Why Public Schooling is better than Private Schooling Essay The post industrial period in most of the developed nations witnessed an upsurge of attacks being leveled against public schooling with private schools being hailed as the epitome of quality education.   A close analysis of the situation on the ground however does not indicate any discernible variations in the admission into public schools.   Though private enrolment may have increased over the years, public schools are still the bastion of education in the United States.   Recent research and indeed many scholars are in agreement that public schooling offers a student with a number of benefits in terms of cost, teachers’ certification, special education and a curriculum that is far reaching in addition to many others.Private schools refer to schools which do not source their facilities and finances from the government or the local authorities.   History of private schooling dates back to the colonial era when most of them were operated by the C atholic missionaries.   Such schools are different by structure and have been known to serve a select group of individuals due to the major existing differences from the mainstream.One of the core advantages of public schooling over private schooling is cost.   A comparison between the two demonstrates huge disparities.   Whereas a public college an year costs less than $6,000, private schools is well over $30,000 annually on the lower scale.   This cost could be higher than this as it depends on the prestige of the college.   Private institutions are more expensive as they charge higher tuition fees whereas public schools charge lower rate or do not charge at all.   This is the major factor that attracts most parents to public schools. One of the reasons behind this is that private schools are not supposed to receive any public funding and have to survive on a budget that is completely financed by parents through tuition fees or donations.   Public schools on the othe r hand are financed through tax revenues.   The cost is highly subsidized by the government through the taxpayers’ money.   The amount of the cost that is subsidized depends on the level of education.   Basic education is subsidized more than in the tertiary level.   Community colleges and public universities may charge some amount of tuition fee but still they cost far much lower than the private ones. Private schools on the other hand according to Gormley (45) oblige parents â€Å"to pay twice for their children’s education once for the public schools with their tax payments and again for the private school with their tuition payments†.Another factor that may drive a parent to choose public schooling is the availability of special programs.   The United States constitution broadly outlines the need for all Americans to access education as a basic right.   Such education is to be provided indiscriminately and the public schools respond accordingly t o such a quest.   The Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA) enacted by the congress ensures that all children have access to a â€Å"free appropriate public education which emphasizes special education and related services designed to meet their unique needs.† (Imber Geer 146).   Such a mandate is on the public schools only.   Private schools do not offer specialized education and those that do it, do so at the cost of the student.   A look at some of the private schools indicate that rarely do they have a program for students with special needs but some might have programs for gifted students in combination to the general program.   Such discrimination in education provision is likely to put off parents with a child that requires special attention.   There are private schools that specialize in special education, but it has to be noted that such schools do not run parallel programs with the general programs and such specialized attention is more expensive com pared to the one in the public schools (Benveniste 2).A look at the curriculum of public schools in the United States reveals that it is broad and provides an individual with an opportunity of learning broad subjects.   Decisions on the curriculum are made and controlled by the government with the plight of all individuals in mind.   On the other hand, private schools curriculum is structured and controlled to fit a particular view point depending on the management’s whims.   Such control and narrow view of the curriculum can be detrimental to a child’s understanding of important aspects of life.   According to Klein (48) reservations on private education have been expressed that it â€Å"will be used to inculcate the child in the parent’s preferred way of life, thereby frustrating the child’s right to open future.†Ã‚   Indeed, public schools offer students an exposure to a wide range of programs both academic and co-curricular such as arts and music. Private schools may not be able to offer such programs due to cost constraints and when they do they might be accessed discriminately on the basis of affordability (Ingraham 218).Another reason why public schooling is better than private schooling centers on teachers.   The government has outlined specific criteria for choosing and allocating qualified teachers to public schools.   Teachers in public schools must meet certain minimum qualifications and certification of training.   This ensures that students are being taught by trained professionals.   Such strict requirements are not placed upon teachers in private schools.   Such certification is not a mandatory requirement for private schools and hence professionalism may be compromised (United States Department of Labor, 229)Diversity is also another benefit that public schools have over private schools.   As afore mentioned, most private schools target a specific clique of individuals depending on the man agement’s policy.   Such distinctions may be as a result of cost, religion orientation and location.   Some private schools may have a tradition of admitting students that meet certain criteria while discriminating against the rest.   On the other hand, admission to public schools is open and any individual can be admitted regardless of race, color, creed or economic income.   Leaning through the public system hence accords an individual an opportunity to interact with people of diverse backgrounds and learn to understand the larger society better.   There is no legislation to govern the composition of private schools and hence they lack in this advantage (Bacchi 18)In deed there are numerous advantages that public schools have over private schooling.   However, there are certain benefits for private schools that have been identified.   The first one is on performance.   The major argument that dominates this topic is that private schools perform better and pa rents are likely to get a value for their money.   This however is a point that has been put into disrepute by recent findings released by the United States Education Department which claimed that indeed public schools perform well in school â€Å"when difference in students background are taken into account† (Chamberlain).   The same conclusion is reached at by Ladd (170) who does not see any â€Å"positive effects of attending private schools†, claiming further that an individuals performance can only be â€Å"explained by the characteristics of the students, not the performance of the school.†The argument also on the private schools being better because they offer smaller classes may hold some water if it indeed reflects a high academic performance.   However, it fails to recognize the above mentioned benefits of diversity. Education requires a multifaceted approach that encompasses both academic and co-curricular excellence.   Public schools have an opportunity of providing both and hence are better than private schools. In addition, as has been mentioned above, they cost less and their admission is open to all in the society as long as one meets the set general criteria.

Field Project Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Field Project Assignment - Essay Example This is done using various tools available to top management and one of the most useful and also dreaded is the performance evaluation when employees are compared and if they measure up. Performance evaluations are usually done annually, or could be done per semester or by quarter. These evaluations can be highly effective tools depending on how these are administered. I had chosen to attend training at the Center for Urban Community Services Institute for this purpose last March 20, 2014 focused on the topic of â€Å"Creating Effective Performance Evaluations.† The Center for Urban Community Services (CUCS) Institute is located at 198 E. 121st St. in New York City and this particular non-profit non-government organization (NGO) was once a community project of Columbia University back in 1979 but has since expanded its community outreach programs beyond its immediate environs after it was officially incorporated in 1993. I choose CUCS Institute because of its vast experience in providing training and research to other non-profits and government agencies engaged in social services using evidence-based practices; it had been honored by the New York Times for its effective impact (CUCS, 2013, para. 2). The training session was a whole day event and I consider the time well spent since I had learned a lot during that time. Some of the lessons learned about performance evaluations are the following: a performance evaluation (also known as performance appraisal) is for improvement, whether at the personal (employee) level or at the organizational level, it is used for making the important decisions such as promotion, compensation, transfer, or termination, giving feedback, counseling, and imposing disciplinary sanctions. There are a number of benefits to be derived in conducting performance evaluations but only if these are done right; these include promotion of

Stakeholder Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Stakeholder Theory - Essay Example Stakeholders include shareholders, employees, suppliers, customers, and the communities in which the firm operates-a collection that Freeman terms the "big five." The very purpose of the firm, according to this view, is to serve and coordinate the interests of its various stakeholders. It is the moral obligation of the firm's managers to strike an appropriate balance among the five interests in directing the activities of the firm. This understanding of the firm's purpose and its management's obligations diverges sharply from the understanding advanced in the shareholder theory of the firm. According to shareholder theorists such as Nobel laureate economist Milton Friedman, managers ought to serve the interests of the firm's owners, the shareholders. Social obligations of the firm are limited to making good on contracts, obeying the law, and adhering to ordinary moral expectations. In short, obligations to nonshareholders stand as side constraints on the pursuit of shareholder interests. This is the view that informs American corporate law and that Friedman defends in his 1970 New York Times Magazine essay, "The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits." (Thomas. J. Donaldson, 1994) Stakeholder theory seeks to overthrow the shareholder orientation of the firm.